实验室进水排水系统
一、实验室给水系统
实验室给水系统包括实验给水系统、生活给水系统和消防给水系统。实验给水系统分为一般实验用水与实验用纯水，实验室纯水系统属于独立的给水系统，将在《实验室纯水系统》章节中另外阐述。生活给水系统和消防给水系统与一般建筑的给水系统一致，与一般实验给水系统通常可合并成一个系统。
不同的实验室对实验用水有不同的要求，实验仪器的循环冷却水水质应满足各类仪器对水质的不同要求；凡进行强酸、强碱、剧毒液体的实验并有飞溅爆炸可能的实验室，应就近设置应急喷淋设施，当应急眼睛冲洗器水头大于1m时，应采取减压措施；无菌室和放射性同位素的实验室配热水淋浴装置，水龙头采用脚踏开关、肘式开关或光电开关，放射性同位素实验室如采用科研、生活和消防统一的给水系统时，污染区的用水必须通过断流水箱，室内消火栓应设置在清洁区内，给水系统的管道入口通常应设置洁净区，采用上行下给式给水管网，以免扩散污染。
室内消防给水系统包括普通消防系统、自动喷洒消防给水系统和水幕消防给水系统等。实验楼，库房等建筑物在必要时应设立室外消防给水系统，由室外消防给水管道、室外消火栓、消防水泵等组成。
二、实验室给水方式
实验室给水系统应保证必需的压力、水质和水量，对于大型的高层实验楼，在室外管网不能满足上层实验室用水要求时，或在室外管网水压周期性不足时，尤其是为了保证实验室安全供水，应设置布局加压设备或屋顶水箱和水泵，专供上层实验室使用。对于化学实验室，因设置紧急淋浴器、紧急洗眼器等，水流要足够大，开启放水阀门反应要快。常用的给水方式如下：
1、直接供水方式。在实验室外层数不高、水压、水量均能满足的情况下，一般可采用直接供水方式。用这种方式，室内无加压水泵，通常连接室外给水管网。2、设有高位水箱的给水方式。在用水高峰期，室外管网内水压下降，以致不能满足楼内上层用水要求时，或当室外管网水压周期性不足时，可采用这种方式。3、设有加压水泵的给水方式。当室外管网的水压低于实验、生活、消防等用水要求的水压而用水量又不均匀时，可采用这种方式。
三、实验室排水系统
实验室排水系统根据实验室排出废水的成分、性质、流量、排放规律的不同而设置相应的排水系统。对于实验室设备的冷却水排水或其他仅含无害悬浮物或胶状物、受污染不严重的废水可不必处理，直接排至室外排水管网。对于含有多种成分、有毒有害物质、可互相作用、损害管道或造成事故的废水，应与生活污水分开，作预处理使之符合国家标准方可排入室外排水管网或分流排出。对于较纯的溶剂废液或贵重试剂，宜在技术经济比较后回收利用，排放的废水如需重复使用，应作相应的处理。对于放射性同位素实验室的排水系统，应将长寿命和短寿命的核素废水分流，废水流向，应从清洁区至污染区，放射性核素排水管道的布置和敷设，管材、附件的选择，应符合《辐射防护规定》的规定。
关于废水处理的问题将在《实验室环保系统》章节中阐述。
四、实验室给排水系统设计注意事项
1、实验室的给排水系统应设计科学，保证饮水源不受污染，若实验用水与饮用水的水源不一，则应将饮用水与实验用水的水龙头分别注明，以免混淆。
2、验楼应设有备用水源，在公共自来水系统供水不足或停止时，备用水源能保证各种仪器的冷却水、洗眼器用水、蒸馏器用水、蒸馏瓶冷凝管用水的正常供给。3、给排水系统应与实验室模块相符合，合理布置，便于维修，管线应尽量短，避免交叉。给水管道和排水管道应沿墙、柱、管道井、实验台夹腔、通风柜内衬板等部位布置，不得布置在遇水会迅速分解、引起燃烧、爆炸或损坏的物品旁，以及贵重仪器设备的上方；一般实验室的管可明装敷设，在安全要求较高的实验室中应尽量暗装，所有暗装敷设的管道均应在控制阀门处设置检修孔，以便维修。4、给排水系统应设计灵活，并预留部分设施以保证实验室的可靠性和持续运行。下行上给式的给水横干管宜敷设在底层走道上方或地下室顶板下；上行下给式的给水横干管宜敷设在顶层管道技术层内或顶层走道上方；不结冻地区可敷设在屋顶上，从给水干管引入实验室的每根支管上，应装设阀门。5、实验室内部各用水点的位置必须科学定位并提前敷设，尽量把用水点设在靠墙位置，方便下水点的设置及满足未来改造的需要。
Laboratory Water Supply System Laboratory water supply system includes laboratory water supply system, domestic water supply system and fire water supply system. Experimental water supply system is divided into general experimental water and experimental pure water. Laboratory pure water system is an independent water supply system. Domestic and fire water supply systems are consistent with the general building water supply system, and the general experimental water supply system can usually be combined into a system. Different laboratories have different requirements for experimental water. The quality of circulating cooling water of experimental instruments should meet the different requirements of various instruments For those laboratories that have strong acid, strong alkali and highly toxic liquid experiments and have the possibility of splash and explosion, emergency spraying facilities should be set up nearby, and decompression measures should be taken when the head of the emergency eye irrigator is over 1m; Sterile rooms and radionuclide laboratories are equipped with hot water shower units, water taps are operated by foot switches, elbow switches or photoelectric switches, and radionuclide laboratories are equipped with water supply systems which are unified for scientific research, daily life and fire fighting The water used in the polluted area must pass through the cut-off water tank, the indoor fire hydrant should be set in the clean area, the pipe entrance of the water supply system should be set in the clean area, and the up-down water supply pipe network should be used to avoid the spread of pollution. Indoor fire water supply system includes common fire system, automatic sprinkler water supply system and water curtain water supply system. When necessary, the buildings such as the laboratory building and the storeroom should set up the outdoor fire water supply system, which is composed of the outdoor fire water supply pipeline, the outdoor fire hydrant, the fire pump and so on. The laboratory water supply system should ensure the necessary pressure, water quality and water quantity. For Large high-rise laboratory building, when the outdoor pipe network can not meet the water demand of the upper laboratory, or when the water pressure of the outdoor pipe network is not enough periodically, especially in order to ensure the safe water supply of the laboratory, we should set up the layout pressurization equipment or the roof water tank and the water pump, which are used exclusively for the upper laboratory. For Chemical laboratories, because of the installation of emergency shower, emergency eyewash, water flow should be large enough to open the drain valve reaction to be quick. Commonly used water supply as follows: 1, direct water supply. Under the condition that the outer layer of the laboratory is not high, the water pressure and water quantity can be satisfied, the direct water supply method can be generally adopted. In this way, there is no pressurized water pump in the room and it is usually connected to the outdoor water supply network. 2. Water supply with high level water tank. This method may be used during peak water periods when the water pressure in the outdoor pipe network is reduced to such an extent that it can not meet the water demand in the upper floor of the building or when the water pressure in the outdoor pipe network is not periodic enough. 3. Water supply with a pressurized water pump. This method can be used when the water pressure of outdoor pipe network is lower than the water pressure required by experiment, life, fire control and so on, and the water consumption is not even. 3. Laboratory drainage system the laboratory drainage system sets up the corresponding drainage system according to the differences of the composition, nature, flow rate and discharge law of the wastewater discharged from the laboratory. For Laboratory equipment, cooling water drainage or other only contains harmless suspended solids or GEL, pollution is not serious wastewater can not be treated, directly to the outdoor drainage network. Waste water containing various components, toxic and harmful substances, which can interact with each other, damage pipelines or cause accidents, should be separated from domestic sewage and pretreated to meet national standards before it can be discharged into outdoor drainage networks or shunted out. For the pure solvent waste liquid or valuable reagent, it is better to recycle after technical and economic comparison. If the discharged waste water needs to be reused, it should be treated accordingly. For radionuclide drainage systems, long lived and short lived radionuclide waste water shall be diverted, the direction of the waste water shall be from the clean area to the contaminated area, the arrangement and laying of radionuclide drainage pipes, the selection of pipes and fittings, should comply with the provisions of the Regulations on radiation protection. Issues related to wastewater treatment will be addressed in the chapter on the Laboratory Environmental Protection System. The water supply and drainage system of the laboratory should be designed scientifically to ensure that the drinking water source is not polluted. If the experimental water and the drinking water source are different, the water taps for drinking water and experimental water should be marked separately to avoid confusion. 2. The building inspection shall be provided with a spare water source, which can ensure the normal supply of cooling water for various instruments, eye-washing water, distiller water and condensing water for distilling bottles when the water supply of the public tap water system is insufficient or stopped. 3. The water supply and drainage system should be in accordance with the laboratory module, reasonably arranged, convenient for maintenance, and the pipeline should be as short as possible to avoid crossing. Water Supply and drainage pipelines shall be arranged along walls, columns, pipe wells, test bench clamps, inner lining boards of fume cupboards, etc. . They shall not be arranged next to articles which will rapidly decompose, cause combustion, explosion or damage in contact with water General Laboratory pipe can be installed, in the laboratory with higher safety requirements should be as dark as possible, all dark installed pipe should be installed in the control valve at the inspection hole for maintenance. 4. The water supply and drainage system should be designed to be flexible, and some facilities should be reserved to ensure the reliability and continuous operation of the laboratory. The downlink downfeed horizontal main water supply pipe should be laid above the ground floor walkways or under the basement roof; the downlink horizontal main water supply pipe should be laid inside the top floor pipe technology layer or above the top floor walkways; the non-frozen area should be laid on the roof Valves shall be installed on each branch pipe leading from the main water supply pipe to the laboratory. 5. The position of each water point in the laboratory must be scientifically located and laid in advance, and the water point should be placed as close to the wall as possible to facilitate the setting of the water point and to meet the needs of future renovation.
